Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion by Vasilii Vladimirovich Bartold

In the 9th century, the territory of modern Tustan was populated by tribes of White Croats. There are many cracks, recesses, and small caves, including man-made. In some places, sandstones jut out as great monoliths, in other places, they are chaotically piled boulders. The complex of Urych rocks is made of separate remnants: Kamin (Ukr. In geology, they are known as Yamna sandstones the name is derived from the former village of Yanma. About 25 million years ago, in the Paleocene Epoch of the Cenozoic, along with the formation of the Carpathian Mountains, sandstones were formed, some of which rose to the surface. During the Mesozoic and the Paleocene Epoch of the Cenozoic, during the time of the then-existing Tethys ocean, thick layers of silt accumulated here. The form and character of the rocks depend on weathering conditions and the lithologic composition of sandstone. They are characterised by the nearly vertical bedding of sedimentary strata with their exotic mattress-like and globe-shaped textures. The rock complex of Tustan is composed of eroded remnants of sub-vertically incident sandstone layers of the Yamna formation of the Palaeogene. Tustan was a defence and administrative center as well as a customs site on the important salt route leading from Drohobych through Transcarpathia to Western Europe. The unique monument of history, archeology, architecture, and nature is situated amidst the woods of Pidhorodtsi Forestry and is part of the Tustan Site Museum. Its remains are located in the Ukrainian Carpathians ( Eastern Beskids), in the Skole district of the Lviv oblast, near the village of Urych, southwards from the town of Boryslav and to the southern-east from the village of Skhidnytsia. Tustan ( Ukrainian: Тустань) was a Medieval cliff-side fortress-city and customs site of the 9th-16th centuries, an Old Rus cliff-side defensive complex.

Translation of Turkestan v epokhu mongolskago nashestviia Bosworth, and with furthur addenda and corrigenda by C.E. Reprint of: 3rd ed., with additional chapter, hitherto unpublished in English, translated by Mrs. New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Pub., 1992 Turkestan down to the Mongol invasion by W.

Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion by Vasilii Vladimirovich Bartold